Maize kernels, dressed, prepared as seeds, are subject to testing in regards to possible contents of genetically modified organisms (GMO). Genetically modified maize was developed based on economic reasons:

• in order to gain a higher resistance against parasites like for example the Western Corn Rootworm or the European Corn Borer
• stable and higher crop yields and
• to obtain a quicker maturity

Transgenic maize produces to repel parasites, an agent toxic for these pests. Now in this context many questions remain unanswered, for example   

• the direct effect on humans
• the impact on animals when used as animal feed and therefore the secondary effects on humans
• implications on soils and therefore the following crops
• the consequences for the entire animal kingdom especially other insects
• the transfer of the modified gene to other crops

The following theoretic deliberations clarify the necessity to grind the material as fine as possible: On average a kernel weighs 0.275 g. 10 or to be more exact 11 kernels would correspond to a weight of 3 g. This means that without comminution, only each one- hundredth kernel of the above mentioned sample would be analysed. 40 kernels displace 10 ml of water. Consequently an average volume of 0.25 cm³ and a diameter (calculated as a sphere) of approximately 7.8 mm can be determined for a kernel. In order to consider in the weighted sample of 3 g all kernels, at least each kernel has to be broken up in 1.000 pieces. Then in terms of figures, a 2.75 g sample could contain of each maize kernel 10 pieces with a diameter of 0.75 mm. In order to absolutely ensure to have all 1.000 maize kernels represented in the 3 g of weighted sample, an increase of the fineness by the power of ten is desirable. Are 10.000 equal parts generated from each maize kernel, so weighs each piece on the average 0.0275 mg with a diameter of 0.36 mm.

The 3 g of the weighted sample for the analysis would then contain 109.000 pieces or approximately 100 pieces of each kernel. Therefore it is statistically ensured, that during the analysis of the maize kernels for transgenic contents a representative sample is weighed.

• maize kernels as seeds
• avoidance of all types of cross contamination due to comminution
• comminution down to at least 50% smaller 0.5 mm sieving
• prevention of thermal damage effecting the analysis results

then, as the best suitable instrument the Variable Speed Rotor Mill PULVERISETTE 14 was chosen.

Of course know-how with the comminution of maize kernels exists. Often, up until now mostly food processors were used due to financial reasons. The obtained results were defined as minimum requirements.

It was monitored with a sieve cut of 0.5mm. Utilized was the Vibratory Sieve Shaker ANALYSETTE 3 PRO; maize comminuted with the Variable Speed Rotor Mill PULVERISETTE 14 by means of a 1 mm sieve already yielded a better result in comparison with the food processor: 52% < 0.5 mm was the requirement; 69% < 0.5 mm was achieved. By using the 0.5 mm sieve in the mill, the fineness was clearly additionally improved.

According to general experience with the comminution via the Variable Speed Rotor Mill PULVERISETTE 14, the material is 50 % smaller of half of the mesh width of the used sieve.  When using the 0.5 mm sieve only half of the produced particles are smaller than 0.25 mm. When comparing this value with the in the theoretic contemplations included value, it becomes evident that the comminution with the Variable Speed Rotor Mill PULVERISETTE 14 by using the 0.5 mm sieve meets all required demands and is the optimal solution.

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